Serpentina Plant Where To Buy
The gene for strictosidine synthase (str1), the enzyme which catalyzes the stereospecific condensation of tryptamine and secologanin to form the key indole alkaloid 3 alpha(S)-strictosidine has been isolated from genomic libraries prepared from Rauvolfia serpentina (India) and from Rauvolfia mannii (West Africa). The gene, str1, contained no introns and showed 100% nucleotide sequence homology over 1180 bp, encompassing the entire reading frame, between the two species. Transcription of the R. serpentina gene was found to start 81 nucleotides upstream from the AUG (26 nucleotides downstream from the TATA box). Transient expression assays in Nicotiana plumbaginifolia protoplasts of the R. serpentina str1 5'-noncoding region fused to the beta-glucuronidase reporter gene revealed promoter activity equivalent to 4 +/- 2% of that of 35 S CaMV promoter control. A series of truncated segments of the str1 promoter region indicated the presence of three areas of slight, but reproducible, negative control. Gel retardation assays demonstrated that several regions of the 5'-flanking sequences specifically bound nuclear protein from R. serpentina and that at least one region does not bind R. mannii nuclear protein. A survey of the expression of str1 in the R. serpentina plant suggested that strictosidine synthase poly(A)+ RNA was present predominantly, but not exclusively, in the root. This result correlated well with the distribution of both enzyme activity and indole alkaloids which were also predominant in the root, but, in general, distributed throughout the shrub.
serpentina plant where to buy
Plant-derived molecules (PDMs) are known to be a rich source of diverse scaffolds that could serve as a basis for rational drug design. Structured compilation of phytochemicals from traditional medicinal plants can facilitate prospection for novel PDMs and their analogs as therapeutic agents. Rauvolfia serpentina is an important medicinal plant, endemic to Himalayan mountain ranges of Indian subcontinent, reported to be of immense therapeutic value against various diseases.
We present SerpentinaDB, a structured compilation of 147 R. serpentina PDMs, inclusive of their plant part source, chemical classification, IUPAC, SMILES, physicochemical properties, and 3D chemical structures with associated references. It also provides refined search option for identification of analogs of natural molecules against ZINC database at user-defined cut-off.
SerpentinaDB is an exhaustive resource of R. serpentina molecules facilitating prospection for therapeutic molecules from a medicinally important source of natural products. It also provides refined search option to explore the neighborhood of chemical space against ZINC database to identify analogs of natural molecules obtained as leads. In a previous study, we have demonstrated the utility of this resource by identifying novel aldose reductase inhibitors towards intervention of complications of diabetes.
With the aim of providing a comprehensive resource for rational prospection of R. serpentina PDMs towards drug discovery, we compiled an extensive, structured database of its molecules. After a thorough literature survey, details of PDMs were manually compiled and curated. We present a database, SerpentinaDB (Fig. 1), which is structured to include plant part source, chemical name, chemical class, IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) names, SMILES (Simplified Molecular-Input Line-Entry System) notations, and 3D (3-Dimensional) structures for 147 PDMs with all associated references (Additional file 2). These 3D structures are present in the form of mol2 file format that is amenable for conversion into other file formats that are accepted by various drug discovery softwares. It also provides several physicochemical descriptors of these PDMs which are indicators of their drug-like properties. Hence access to repertoire of PDMs like SerpentinaDB can be of considerable advantage to academia as well as industry.
Features of SerpentinaDB interface. (a) Demonstration of accessible search options: (1) Plant part, (2) Chemical class as well as plant part, and (3) Physicochemical properties based search of PDMs. (b) Result of input query with list of associated PDMs: this page further provides information of IUPAC, SMILES, physicochemical properties, and 3D visualization with associated references. User can download mol2 file and 2D structure of PDM for given query. (c) Similarity search of selected PDM against ZINC is also available at user-defined percentage
Distribution of molecular descriptors of R. serpentina plant-derived molecules. (a) Molecular weight. (b) Hydrogen bond acceptor and Hydrogen bond donor. (c) Molecular volume
SerpentinaDB can be explored for PDMs in a number of ways through querying the database with a simple text search tool that provides various options for searching. There are three search sections available to the user with several constraints in each. Search can be performed with (i) plant part, (ii) chemical class, and (iii) physicochemical properties (Fig. 1a). Physicochemical properties search option has advanced search query options for user to select PDMs in a particular range based on MW, number of HBA, number of HBD, and number of aromatic rings. The result for given query is presented in the same page (Fig. 1b) along with information such as PDM ID, plant part, chemical name, chemical class, IUPAC names, SMILES notations, and 3D structure of PDM with associated references. Clicking the drop down arrow provides details of physicochemical and ADMET properties. Two separate links to download mol2 file and 2-Dimensional structure of PDM for given query has been provided. Also, a JMol visualizer ( ) has been embedded in GUI to provide a 3D visualization of PDM which can be further downloaded to mol2 file.
SerpentinaDB is an exhaustive resource of R. serpentina molecules facilitating prospection for therapeutic molecules from a medicinally important source of natural products. Pharmacoinformatics pipeline involving virtual screening to perform docking of molecules against disease specific target to identify inhibitors. Hence, compilation of such datasets is essential step towards in-silico drug discovery that hastens the process of prospection of novel leads from natural repertoire with drug-like properties in terms of their biological behavior and toxicity.
A tropical and subtropical plant that can be found in parts of East Asia and Indian subcontinent, Rauvolfia serpentina or commonly known as Rauwolfia, Indian Snakeroot, Devil Pepper, or Snakeroot is an evergreen shrub reaching a height of up to 1 m. One of the 50 fundamental herbs used in traditional Chinese medicine, the roots of this plant are used in the treatment of hypertension, schizophrenia, painful affections of the bowels, and to increase uterine contractions when giving birth. Leaf juice are used for wounds while bark, leaves, and roots are used against snake and scorpion poisoning. The wood known as serpent wood is used for woodcarving.
Plants For A Future can not take any responsibility for any adverse effects from the use of plants. Always seek advice from a professional before using a plant medicinally.Antidote Hypnotic Hypotensive Ophthalmic Sedative SkinThe roots are hypnotic, hypotensive and sedative[240 ]. They are used particularly in the treatment of hypertension, where they are said to cause a lowering of the blood pressure without dangerous side effects[46 ], and are considered a specific in the treatment of insanity[240 , 266 ]. They are also used in decoction to treat painful affections of the bowels and to increase uterine contractions when giving birth[240 , 310 ]. The juice of the leaves is used to remove opacities of the cornea of the eyes and also to treat wounds and itches[240 , 310 ]. The bark, leaves, and roots are used against snake and scorpion poisoning[266 ]. The roots yield up to 1.3% medically active alkaloids, as well as oleoresin and the sterol serposterol[240 ]. The alkaloid rauwolfine has been shown to decrease the heart rate[240 ]. Several alkaloids, including serpentine, neoajmaline and isoajmaline, produce a fall in blood pressure[240 ]. Serpentine also causes an increase in the tone of the small intestine and decrease in the peristaltic contractions of the intestine[240 ]. The alkaloid-free oleoresin extract from the roots produces sedative and hypnotic effects[240 ]. Reserpine, a highly active alkaloid, shows a very marked hypnotic effect and lowers blood pressure[240 ]. It is used in allopathic medicine[746 ].
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A plant of the moist to wet, lowland tropics, where it is found at elevations up to 1,000 metres. It grows best in areas where annual daytime temperatures are within the range 22 - 30c, but can tolerate 4 - 35c[418 ]. It prefers a mean annual rainfall in the range 1,500 - 3,500mm, but tolerates 1,100 - 4,500mm[418 ]. Succeeds in full sun and in light shade[418 ]. Prefers a fertile, well-drained loamy soil[418 ]. Prefers a pH in the range 5.5 - 7, tolerating 5 - 7.5[418 ]. The roots can be harvested from plants that are 2 - 3 years old[418 ]. Average yield is 2 - 4 tonnes per hectare of air-dried roots per year after the third year[418 ]. It is best adapted to a well-distributed rainfall. Mentioned as a useful agroforestry species.
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